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April 23, 2007
N綱N本
最近又在吵這個綱本的問題，其實政治勢力干涉國家教育是一種「不得不的天經地義」。所以一旦政治勢力有了消長，倒楣的就是根本手無寸鐵的老百姓。
台灣的問題更複雜在於政治勢力糾纏上了我們一致習慣的考試制度，崇尚絕對答案的意識形態作祟。這樣的結合不是今天誰上台誰下台就可以完美解決。需要時間先「解放」了考試制度，再回頭去切割政治如何放開教育。不過我要說後者真的很難！
看到台灣立報的一篇報導，我覺得這位歷史老師非常勇敢，我比較可惜的地方是怎麼不是我母校的老師寫咧，真是。
哪一本該聽誰的？教科書與歷史詮釋權的解放
單兆榮（北一女中歷史老師）
本文轉載自《人本教育札記》213期
學者在上游製造各學科知識的研究成果，老師在中游以各種教學方法將過程展現，學生在下游學習他能夠帶得走的能力。在這條大河裡，最重要的內涵是方法與過程。於是，任何一個學科的研究成果，都只能在一本教科書裡呈現精簡的少部分，任何一個層級的教學，也都只選擇某些例子作為學習的切入點。
所以，老師心中沒有教科書，學生手中也只是一個文本，教學的主導權一旦回到老師與學生手中，每一本教科書由於教的人不同，學的人不同，有了不一樣的解讀方式。進入後現代，我們怎能還停留在現代的思維呢？
所謂‘最好最完整’的教科書
真有一本「最好、最完整」的教科書嗎？如果有，那麼世界上所有的書都該束諸高閣了。
每一本書，限於篇幅，礙於作者的主觀愛好，總有優點，也有缺失，老師就是修補者，視學生程度隨時調整。多本教科書的選擇是辛苦的，但這正是自由的可貴代價，每一校的老師，根據該校學生特質選擇適合的教材，各校一起決定一本，因為有個最大的盲點是：我們並不瞭解其他學校的學生。
教育賦予老師的重責大任，這樣的選擇權若重新落入行政官僚體系中，會有什麼後果？當一版獨大時，何必改進？當沒有市場競爭時，批評的聲音被聽到的機會多大？如果企業民營化是趨勢，何以教科書一定要回到國營呢？
例如台灣地位是開羅會議決定？還是舊金山和約認可？這樣的解釋權，在戒嚴時期部編本的時代，只能有開羅會議一解。解嚴後，人人有解釋權，不只歷史學者，而是所有學者；不只媒體記者有詮釋權，社會大眾也有，真是百家爭鳴，恰是民主精神。
藍營認為，開羅宣言是四強地位的事實認定，與會者是蔣中正與宋美齡，宣稱台灣將來歸屬中華民國。綠營看開羅宣言，則強調「宣言」無法律效力，不敵舊金山和約。
於是，綠營看舊金山和約，強調日本只是結束佔領台灣，並未說明台灣歸屬何國？藍營則說，簽訂舊金山和約的是中華民國政府，根據此約簽訂中日和約的是中華民國。
學生不只生活在校園裡，也活在社會上，不會聽不見各種聲音。於是各版教科書，盡量將兩種說法並列，老師正好以此作為歷史教學的素材，呈現多元看法，討論各種解釋，營造一個可以溝通的社會。這就是歷史的真相，真相是複雜的。
英國教科書如何寫愛爾蘭？
英格蘭政府如何書寫愛爾蘭的歷史？當然是交給學術專業，交給自由市場。以S.H.P系列的教科書為例（只是許多版本中之一），以一名女性愛爾蘭共和軍切入，提供愛爾蘭報紙對她的敘述，也提供英格蘭政府官方的看法，還放上醜化此女子的漫畫與真實照片對比。
學生像偵探一樣，由題目的設計，在老師的引導下，一一解讀每一篇文章作者的企圖，學習看清人們的主觀認知，提醒每一個人同情的理解別人的主觀，因為自己也常身陷其中。
我們會比德國人更容易看清希特勒的本質，但看漢人對待原住民的方式也能超然嗎？愛爾蘭問題在學校這樣的點滴指引下，每一代會逐漸減輕敵視，仇恨才有機會化解。我們今天的藍綠對決、仇恨共黨，正是一言堂教科書下的產物，怎能再重蹈覆轍呢？
英國怎麼考？台灣現在怎麼考？
英國老師在教室裡自由選擇某一議題的專題書籍深入探討，如選一本厚達幾百頁的書—《威瑪共和國與納粹帝國》，其中有許多史料佐證，設計許多問題討論，呈現多種解釋與表格圖片等。孩子們學的不同，但都學到了史料閱讀的方法、證據的選擇與文本的討論。
因此，英國入學測驗不會考記得什麼？考的是應用式的判斷與書寫。學生可以選考其中一種他熟悉的議題，如對美國史有興趣的選美國史考題，喜歡中古時代者選中古，史學方法一致，於是課堂教的是帶得走的能力，考試也配合，就考這樣的能力，這才是總結性評量的目標，不是嗎？
台灣基於對「公平」的強烈癖好，不能出問答題，理由是不公平或考生太多改不完。但經過精心設計，也能考出概念題，不管讀哪一版本都會，或是沒有一個版本寫過，必須融會貫通才會寫這樣的應用題。以大考中心95年歷史學測19題為例：
以下是清朝以後中國人稱呼西方人的幾個說法：
甲、「中國稱『鬼子』其實是龜茲的轉音，只有通稱西方之意。」
乙、「以後各式公文，凡有關大英國臣民者，不得書『夷』字。」
丙、「茶葉大黃，外國所必需，中國不售，『夷人』何以為生？」
它們出現的先後次序應是：（A）甲、乙、丙 （B）乙、丙、甲 （C）乙、甲、丙 （D）丙、乙、甲（答：D）
此題的判斷準則是語氣與觀念的改變。丙以為外國人需要茶葉大黃去油解膩，一定不能不吃，這是早期對外人的誤解。乙則因為應英國人要求去除夷字，顯然是南京條約簽訂後的不得已。甲則是今天企圖解釋何以使用鬼子的稱呼，以避免大漢沙文主義之嫌，是多元社會出現的壓力。學生只要對觀念的演變理解，就可輕鬆判斷。還能培養學生對不同時代不同人物的理解，寄予同情的認知，不厚誣古人，能寬待異己，正是歷史學最重要的價值。
再舉大考一例：「春秋五霸到戰國七雄，國家數目越來越多？還是越來越少？國君權力越來越大？還是越來越小？答案是：國家數目越來越少，國君權力越來越大」
當年這題答對的高中學生不多，原因是老師與學生們都執著於背誦哪五霸？哪七雄？卻忘了春秋到戰國最具意義的變化是：大國兼併小國，各國國君追求富強，以中央集權取代封建。這種概念題，提醒我們時代趨勢與變遷才是學習的重點。
讀多本，學問多？
一個教育部綱要，已經限定了各版本知識的範疇，只是寫法切入點不同而已。如果讀完各版，廣泛閱讀相似的內容，不過精熟了一丁點可憐的知識，所以讀多本，只是自我安慰而已。既然閱讀多本教科書，學問不會增加，為什麼還要堅持多本呢？以教學現場來看，「萬般皆下品，唯有讀書高」依然宰制我們社會的價值判斷。
只讀一本，老師們會陷入至少此本應該背熟的迷思，出題容易偏向知識記憶；學生家長更理所當然要求孩子讀課本或參考書就好，其他不要花時間，因為考試不考；老師要求讀其他經典書籍，學生更有理由拒絕，因為考試到了，時間不夠了，這點一般所謂「用功」的孩子最嚴重，因為他們太在意成績了。
昔日一綱一本的問題，多本出現後，正在努力解決，教育問題需要長時間經營的。
我們照顧了弱勢嗎？
贊成一本者，打著照顧弱勢（設定為無法買更多參考書者）的正義呼聲，乍聽有理。但問題的癥結卻是，如果「老師仍然不用有趣的方法」，「家長依然不用瞭解的眼光」，則不喜歡讀書的學生仍然無法體會閱讀的快樂，孩子的其他才能一樣被忽略，這些才是我們真正需要關心的議題。
少子化的趨勢下，每位家長都只有一、二個寶貝，因為「大家都站著」，於是「沒人肯坐下」，不想輸給別人，怕孩子失去信心，或昔日背書的痛苦經驗猶在，都讓家長們不放心。殊不知，這些擔憂靠寫參考書、測驗卷或上補習班，反而失去應對現在考題的能力。
再舉一考題說明：十九世紀的王公貴族、資本家、勞工、共產黨、同性戀都會對以下哪一議題有共同認知？答案是：民族主義。沒有哪一本教科書會如此書寫民族主義的議題，但考的是學生應用的能力，只需判斷這些人的交集即可。
許多參考書或測驗卷，為了增加篇幅，提升價錢，每一小節出3、40題，出題必然瑣碎，好題不易多；如下述考題：「人是政治的動物，這句話是誰說的？答案：亞里斯多德」，相信以追求真理和證據的聞名的亞里斯多德也必痛哭於九泉吧！
反之，大考則在3年的知識範疇裡，只出3、40題，放大格局，概念與應用層次高的題目多。所以啃參考書想考好學校，無異緣木求魚、刻舟求劍。怎麼會有買不起多本參考書的問題呢？更何況，參考書的價錢比課本貴多了，家長何需花冤枉錢！
不如閱讀經典好書
閱讀經典好書，才是學習解決問題能力的正途。英國給孩子們讀的40本數學圖畫書（漢聲出版）如《0不等於沒有》一書探討0的用途：當它放在數字中間如304的十位數雖然是空的，但需要它來佔個位置；放在數字後面如340，多了10倍，而且人們希望後面的0越多越好。又如《配對的偶數》一書以籃球隊5人一組，需要與另一隊的5人一個個配成對，來說明偶數的意義。數學的精神在這樣的書裡充分被呈現。
提供我自己帶小孩的經驗。天衛文化的小魯歷史叢書，讓孩子們與鄭板橋等古做一趟《超時空之旅》，或是描寫美洲印地安人在7年戰爭時困境的《最後一個摩希根人》，或《故事版資治通鑑》套書，書眉上的「老編曰」，彷彿「太史公曰」、「臣光曰」的再現。歷史小說讀完後，還會加上有趣的旅遊設計，處處可見用心。
自然科學的書籍，孩子看法布爾昆蟲記系列的《糞金龜》笑聲不斷，常興奮地與我分享，這絕不是看百科全書能得到的樂趣。成人後，閱讀至今仍是他睡前重要的糧食，學習不是件可怕的事，學習不是在遠離考試後就結束了。
老師如何指導學生閱讀？教科書是最初的文本，對程度較不足的孩子，請他在課堂上閱讀，練習找出哪一句是他覺得最重要的？程度中等的孩子，則請他換句話說；程度更高的孩子，當然是提供更多經典書籍，這就是因材施教。許多教育理論，不該只當口號用，而是拿來實踐的。
是人使制度變質
改革制度一直是我們面對問題最直接的思考，就像清末面對西潮一般，船堅砲利的君主專制不足以應對，就改成虛君立憲政體，結果連民主共和都出現了，人們還是不了解民主為何物？於是中國人不適合民主的論調讓民初數度出現帝制復活。
類似的論調如今在21世紀重現，一綱多本在執行上出現了偏差，於是下一個簡單結論：國情不同的我們，不適合一綱多本，因為那是外國土壤下開的花。
建構式數學就是最好的例子，少數老師因為誤解而執行過當，學習面積時，剪5個方格已經達到練習目的，卻要求學生剪5百個方塊，家長當然痛惜孩子為了作業弄到半夜的辛苦，於是建構式數學成了學生數學程度低落的禍首，其實建構式的精神，是重解題的過程，而不是得出結果。老師應常自問：我能讓學生得到什麼？
改人心比改制度花時間
關心教育是每個人的責任，決策的確可以付諸公共辯論，坐下來對話，了解彼此堅持的部分是否有協調的可能？但不能靠投票。投票或問卷只能統計出「數量」，不能呈現「質量」。改人心，比改制度更花時間，我們需要仔細思量與琢磨的時間，方能成就教育百年大業。
Posted by tacchang at April 23, 2007 04:56 PM
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